In Chapter 15, Epstein talks about cause and effect. One particular section I found to be interesting is criteria for cause and effect. Epstein provides a list of necessary conditions  for there to be cause and effect. This includes:

1.    The cause happened ( the claim describing it is true)
2.    The effect happened (the claim describing it is true)
3.     The cause precedes the effect.
4.        It is nearly impossible for the cause to happen(be true) and the effect not to happen(be false), given the normal conditions.
5.       The cause makes a difference- if the cause had not happened(been trye) the effect would not have happened (been true)
6.       There is no common cause.

Often times in an argument people make the mistake of reversing cause and effect. You have to make sure that when using causal claims, the event that occurs first is the cause and leads to another event, which is the effect.